How Genetic Traits Are Inherited

Genetic diseases (or defects) can be inherited in two main ways: simple and complex. The simple diseases are sometimes called “Mendelian” or “single-gene”, because they are often the result of a single genetic mutation (change) in one gene; for these, we can point a finger and say, “That change there!,” is the one causing the disease or defect.  Once a genetic test is available for these types of diseases, breeders can use the results of such tests to help plan matings, effectively eliminate the disease from the breed, and guarantee an affected puppy is never produced.

For the more complex genetic conditions, such as hip or elbow dysplasia, or even personality, we know that multiple genes (sometimes very many) are contributing in combination to create the trait (disease condition, behavioral trait, etc.). There are no easy, single-gene genetic tests here. Rather, as much as possible, screening tests need to be performed in order to find and breed only the healthiest dogs possible. This might include annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist, screening radiographs (x-rays) of the hips and/or the elbows at a certain age, and even behavioral assessments, as appropriate. Ultimately, these types of screening tests are the scientific application of the old adage: “Breed the best to the best and hope for the best.”

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Dogs living in shelter or rescue kennels face challenges specific to their living environments. Practical applications for their management and care may also differ. Additional resources for their caretakers, including those caring for dogs in home-based foster systems or rescue networks, are provided to support efforts to improve, maintain, and protect their welfare.

 

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Dogs living in homes as family pets face challenges specific to their living environments. Practical applications for their management and care may also differ. Additional resources for their caretakers, support the human-animal bond, keep pets in their homes, and improve, maintain, and protect their welfare.

 

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Dogs living in research or teaching kennels face challenges specific to their living environments. Practical applications for their management and care may also differ. Additional resources for their caretakers are provided to support efforts to improve, maintain, and protect their welfare.