Coppinger, R., Zuccotti, J.(1999). Kennel enrichment: exercise and socialization of dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 2(4), 281-96. doi: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0204_3. PMID: 16363933.
Pet dogs can be considered “captive” insofar as they cannot choose their daily activities; nor do they generally have the opportunity to express the natural behaviors necessary for their welfare — such as olfactory foraging behaviour. In this study, we tested the effect of an olfaction-based activity on pet dogs’ emotional states.
Herron, M.E., Kirby-Madden, T.M. & Lord, L.K. Effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of shelter dogs. To determine the effect of food-toy enrichment combined with cage-behavior training on desirable behaviors in shelter dogs and adoption rates. Design—Randomized controlled clinical trial. Animals—107 dogs. Procedures—Dogs placed up for adoption in a municipal shelter were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 48) or control group (59). Experimental group subjects were exposed to an environmental enrichment and training protocol consisting of twice-daily cage-behavior training and daily provision of a food-filled toy.
Impacts, application, and best practices for environmental enrichment; Hunt, R., & Vaterlaws-Whitesides, H. The effects of environmental enrichment on dog behaviour.;
Hunt, R.L., Whiteside, H., and Prankel, S. Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Dog Behaviour: Pilot Study toys playgrounds human interaction socialization
Döring, D., Ketter, D.A., Klima, A., Küchenhoff, H., Dobenecker, B., Schmidt, J., and Erhard, M.H. Horn of calf hooves as chews in laboratory dogs Enrichment